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Oak processionary

Oak processionary

Thaumetopoea processionea

A species of Processionary, Also known as Oak processionary moth

The wingspan of adult stage moths is between 2.5 cm and 3.5 cm. Their pattern of tan, brown and white make the adults difficult to see against oak bark.

Toxic to Humans
Toxic to Humans
Toxic to Animals
Toxic to Animals
Does the Oak processionary cause allergies?
Allergenic
General Info About Oak processionary
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Attributes of Oak processionary
Colors
Brown
White
Habitat
on or under oak tree
Adult Food Sources
Nectar, honeydew, aphid secretions, tree sap
Larva Food Source
Oak leaves, pedunculate oak leaves, sessile oak leaves, turkey oak leaves
Biting/stinging
Not reported
Allergy-causing
The Oak processionary has special defensive behaviors that can trigger an allergic reaction. If there are serious reactions, seek IMMEDIATE medical attention.
Defensive attack
Not reported
Venomous
The Oak processionary can induce toxic reactions varying in severity. Nevertheless, these toxins primarily target their prey and predators and are usually not fatal to humans.
Non-poisonous
Not reported
Borer
Not reported
Pollinator
Not reported
Pest-Eating Predatory
Not reported
Phytophagous
The Oak processionary feeds on plants, usually without causing significant harm. However, it's important to take the situation seriously if their numbers begin to increase significantly.
Predatory
Not reported
Biting animal or pet
Not reported
Mouthparts Type
Siphoning mouthparts
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Species Status of Oak processionary
They are widely distributed in central and southern Europe, and are occasionally found as far north as Sweden.
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Distribution Area of Oak processionary
European
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Appearance of Oak processionary
The wingspan of adult stage moths is between 2.5 cm and 3.5 cm). Their pattern of tan, brown and white make the adults difficult to see against oak bark. The caterpillars have very long, white hairs contrasting markedly with shorter hairs. The backs of older caterpillars (3rd to 6th instars) are covered with up to 63,000 pointed defensive bristles, sized between 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm.
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How to Identify Oak processionary?

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Life Cycle of Oak processionary
Egg The eggs of oak processionary are typically oviposited in clusters and are characterized by a round or oval shape. Initially, they display a color that camouflages them with their surroundings, but then darken as development proceeds.
Larva As larvae, oak processionary exhibit a worm-like form that progressively molts and increases in size. They possess a voracious appetite, facilitating rapid growth. Their coloration often serves as a warning or camouflage.
Pupal The pupal stage of oak processionary is a transitional phase enclosed within a cocoon. The insect is immobile and undergoes significant transformation. During this stage, the color and form of the insect change drastically as it develops into an adult.
Adult Emerging from the pupa, the adult oak processionary's development is marked by the presence of wings and functional reproductive organs. The body is fully formed and hardened, and the adult is mobile, focusing on reproduction.
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Adult Size of Oak processionary
2.5 - 3.5 cm
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Predators of Oak processionary Larvae
Passerine birds, woodpeckers, rodents, parasitic wasps, parasitic flies
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Predators of Adult Oak processionary
Bats, birds, rodents
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Interesting Facts About Oak processionary
Oak processionary larvae move in long, head-to-tail processions, conserving moisture and deterring predators with their collective toxic hairs.
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Scientific Classification of Oak processionary
Tips for Finding Oak processionary
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Youth Habitat of Oak processionary
Forests and Woodlands
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Adult Habitat of Oak processionary
Forests and Woodlands
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How Can You Attract Oak processionary
The use of pheromone traps is effective for attracting adult male oak processionary, as they are sensitive to specific pheromones released by females.
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Habitat Preferences of Oak processionary Through Different Life Stages
The larvae of oak processionary are typically found on oak trees, where they feed on the leaves and construct communal nests for protection. To find these caterpillars, search for silken nests on the branches of oak trees in the spring and summer. The adult moths, after undergoing complete metamorphosis, are nocturnal and can be found near the same trees, although they are less visible as they are active mostly at night. To locate adult moths, looking around oak woods with a flashlight after dark is effective. Pupae are often hidden in the bark of the trees or in the soil nearby, so sieving through leaf litter or soil at the base of oak trees could yield pupae.
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When is the Best Time to Observe Oak processionary
The best time to find oak processionary would vary depending on its life stage. Adults are generally active at night, while the caterpillars can be found during the day on host trees.
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What is the Best Weather to Observe Oak processionary
Dry and warm evenings are ideal for locating adult oak processionary, as they are more active in such conditions. Overcast and cooler weather might be suitable for finding larvae, which are less active in high temperatures.
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How and Where Can You Find Oak processionary at Different Life Stages
Egg Eggs of oak processionary are typically laid in clusters on host tree leaves. To find them, examine the leaves of known host plants, especially on the undersides where they may be more protected.
Larva Oak processionary larvae can be found on the foliage of host trees. Look for defoliation or frass (caterpillar droppings) as indicators of their presence, and inspect leaves and branches carefully.
Pupal Oak processionary pupae are usually in concealed locations on or near the ground. Search for them in leaf litter, soil, or in the crevices of host trees' bark.
Adult Adult oak processionary can be observed near host trees at night. Using a light source can attract them, as they are drawn to light. Setting up light traps in potential flying paths or near host trees can also be effective.
Are Oak processionary harmful?
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Harmful Effects of Oak processionary
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Toxic to Humans
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Allergenic
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Toxic to Humans

The larvae of oak processionary possess urticating hairs as a defense mechanism, which can cause toxic reactions in humans upon contact. These microscopic barbed hairs contain thaumetopoein, a protein-based toxin. When touched, the hairs penetrate the skin, leading to mechanical irritation and envenomation, resulting in symptoms ranging from mild skin irritation to severe dermatitis. Long-term exposure can cause persistent itching, rashes, and in extreme cases, respiratory distress. Immediate medical attention is recommended for severe reactions.

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Toxic to Animals

Oak processionary possesses a potent sting primarily used for defense and predation. When disturbed or threatened, oak processionary may sting, with varying reactions across different animals. Humans and dogs might experience intense pain, swelling, and allergic reactions, occasionally severe, while smaller insects could succumb to the venom. The intensity of toxicity varies from mild to severe based on the dosage and the victim's sensitivity. Adults of this species are equipped to deliver venom, playing a critical role in self-defense mechanisms and prey subduation.

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Does the Oak processionary cause allergies?

Oak processionary can induce allergies in humans primarily during its larval stage, when its hairs can become airborne and are in contact with skin. Most people exposed to these hairs might experience symptoms ranging from mild irritation to severe allergic reactions. The severity of symptoms varies, but may include skin rashes, itchy eyes, and respiratory distress. To minimize risk, caution is advised when near habitats where oak processionary larvae are present.

More Effects of Oak processionary

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